‘In the Country of men’ by Hisham Matar Essay

‘In the Country of men’ by Hisham Matar elicits the condition of survival in an oppressive society. The concept of loyalty and betrayal is at the heart of the novel. It values the characters that fight to hold on to the people and things they value no matter the cost. The struggle between loyalty and betrayal is denoted in the novel by relationship between Faraj and Moosa, friends and family and Ustath Rashid and Faraj. The struggle between loyalty and betrayal is illustrated through the bond amid Faraj and Moosa. After Faraj returns from the torture of the revolutionary committee, Moosa says he ‘can’t bear looking at him†¦The betrayal in his eyes’ because Faraj ‘melted like butter’ when interrogated by the revolutionary committee. Moosa perceives this as betrayal since so many others have died including ‘the students closest to us’ for his cause. Moosa ‘looked up to him like an older brother’, and ‘wo uld give [his] life for him’, but after this incident he was too ashamed to look at his face, Moosa says ‘his voice scorches me. This is worse than death†¦ this is the blackest day of my life’. Thus he cannot cope with Faraj’s failure; he grapples to sustain his allegiance to Faraj and soon afterwards deports to Egypt. The Relationship between friends and family further demonstrates the struggle between loyalty and betrayal. When Najwa’s friend’s salma’s husband is taken away, Najwa withdraws her friendship and even instructs her son that ‘this is a time for walking besides the wall.’ On one hand, this can be seen as a great betrayal between the two friends, as Najawa is effectively abandoning Salma in her time of greatest need, however conversely it illustrates her undying loyalty to her family. Rather than compromising her family safety, she is willing to cease all interaction with the girl for that is described as ‘two lost sisters who had finally found each other’. Ustath Rashid’s does not betray his friend Faraj at any cost. Ustath Rashid refuses to implicate his friend Faraj as the originator and the leader of the ‘resistance group’. The ‘Democracy Now’ book Suleiman rescues from the fire was initially gifted to Faraj by Ustath Rashid. It is inscribed ‘To my eternal friend and comrade†¦With my undying loyalty’ and thus Rashid keeps his word as this friendship means more than his own life to him. Thus when he is publically interrogated before the execution, Rashid lies to protect Faraj, saving his life even when he cannot save his, knowing there is a family out there who will be losing a husband.

Literature Essay: One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest by K Kesey

It is suggested that Ken Kesey†s One Flew over the Cuckoo†s Nest contains examples of behaviour and attitudes displayed by characters within the clinical environment of the psychiatric ward which can be compared to behaviour found within contemporary American society. These include examples of leadership and hierarchy within a class or caste system, sexism and crime and punishment. In the text, the theme of leadership is very prominent and important to the story. Arguably it is more important theme of the book, than the issue of mental illness, which forms the setting and the core of the novel. The leader figure in the ward is Big Nurse, who has complete control over the ward. Any decisions that are made over a patient or with regards the running of the ward must go through Big Nurse first. She is seen by the Chief as being almost mechanical in her approach to her running of the ward: She†s got that bag full of a thousand parts she aims to use in her duties today-wheels and gears, cogs polished to a hard glitter†¦(10) The ward is run by her to a very strict daily routine, which is almost fanatically neurotic in it†s precision and dedication. Chief describes Big Nurse†s devotion to her daily routine: ‘The slightest thing messy or out of kilter in any way ties her into a little white knot of tight-smiled fury† (27) When McMurphy enters the ward, the delicate equilibrium which the nurse has created is upset. This is because, like the nurse, McMurphy is a natural leader-figure. He takes over the control of the ward by manipulating the patients; seemingly for their own good, but it may be argued that he gets a feeling a control from being a leader over a large group of people. This may be a feeling of control and power which has previously been absent in his life for some reason. We are told, early in the book, of McMurphy†s admission to the ward doctor about his conviction for raping a fifteen year old girl, and his unwillingness to acknowledge that he had committed a crime: ‘Said she was seventeen, Doc, and she was plenty willin†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ so willin†, in fact, I took to sowing my pants up† (40) This could also be argued for Big Nurse; What is her motive for her total dedication to the job? It is possible that she also relishes the feeling of control over the patients in her care which her job allows. She knows that she has absolute power over every patient in her ‘care†; The power to change any of her patient†s lives immediately wherever she might see fit. Such behaviour can also be seen in contemporary society in an environment such as a school; The school is a good example because it has a central leader in the position of the head teacher. The head teacher has full responsibility over every person within the school, and also sets the rules and regulations which everyone in that particular school must obey. If a member of the school breaks any of the rules, the head teacher will decide an appropriate punishment. While the head teacher is answerable to the Governing Board of the school, they still have the most ‘power† and authority over the school. It can also be shown within a large corporation with the position of a Managing Director. All other staff in the company are directly answerable to him. The Managing Director has the power to hire new staff, and also to make staff redundant. But, again, he is answerable to the owner of the company and perhaps the shareholders; so he can never have total power in his position This can be contrasted with Big Nurse; She is, in theory, answerable to the Management Board of the hospital, and even to the doctors who work on the ward. But she appears to have the most control over the daily running of the ward, as if she were senior to the doctors, even though, in fact, she is only a nurse. She seems to have total and complete authority over every person in the ward. The theme of leadership does not mirror the outside world very accurately, as in contemporary society a leader of a society or an organisation is almost always accountable to a person senior to him. This is not seen in the novel, as Big Nurse seems to be answerable to no one, in fact, it is arguable that everyone answers to her. A hierarchy or class system operates inside the ward which can be clearly seen throughout the course of the novel. Patients living within the ward are ‘classed† according to the state of their mental health or to the condition of which they suffer from. Chief describes the method of discriminating patients from one another: ‘Across the room from the Acutes are the Chronics†¦ Not in the hospital, these, to get fixed, but to keep them walking the streets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (17) Patients are divided into two categories of Acutes & Chronics: Chronics are those patients who have a condition which is untreatable, â€Å"machines with flaws which cannot be repaired† (17) and can only be controlled with medical methods. They will spend the rest of their lives inside the ward of the hospital. Patients who are seen as being likely to recover from their illness, and will return to society. Acutes are those patients e.g. Harding, who are seen as being likely to recover from their illness, and will return to society. Chronics can either have full use of their bodies or can be again sub-categorised into Wheelers and Vegetables; Those whose movement is impaired to such an extent, they can only move by being pushed around in wheelchairs. Vegetables are patients who, through excessive ECT ‘Shock Shop† (18) or through the overperscription of tranquillising medications: ‘Ellis is a chronic came in an Acute and got fouled up bad when they overloaded him in the Shock Shop†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (18) When McMurphy enters the ward, he assumes the role of a leader over all of his fellow patients in the ward. McMurphy has a strong, intelligent character and so he is able to manipulate others who are more vulnerable than he is. An example of his manipulation is when he shows some playing cards with pornographic photographs on them to Cheswick: ‘I brought along my own deck†¦Fifty-two positions†. Cheswick is pop-eyed already†¦those cards don†t help his condition. (16) Personality types which can be seen in contemporary society can also be seen very clearly with regard to the characters in the ward setting: McMurphy†s character is a rebel character who hates authority and authoritative figures. This is, perhaps, why he clashes so fiercely with Big Nurse. Chief is the veteran of the ward. He has been there the longest, since the start of World War II, with the exception of Big Nurse. He has the mutual respect of everyone in the ward. Billy Bibbit is insecure and has a stutter. His name is ironic in that it resembles a stutter when said. His problems have probably been caused by his overbearing mother, who was very protective and spoke for him whenever possible. In a large group of individuals, these personalities are often seen; A rebel character who goes against the system is almost always present in a class inside a school; A veteran who has gained the respect of everyone in that particular grouping; A person who is lacking in confidence, often reluctant to speak out. Today, in contemporary society, a class system is still very much a part of everyday life. People are classed on wealth, status and employment. Discrimination can also exist between classes; lower classes finding higher classes snobbish and elitist; higher classes perhaps seeing lower classes as ‘common† and uneducated. The book mirrors hierarchy in contemporary society very well, as it shows different personality types and differentiates between the different classes of people within it very clearly and accurately. However, it does not show discrimination between the different classes which exists today in contemporary society and is quite important to the structure of modern societies. The issues of Sexism and Sexuality are also raised within the book. Although they do not feature so prominently as the themes of Leadership and Hierarchy, they are nevertheless very important to the behaviour of the characters. Taking the theme of sexism in the text, women are placed into two distinct stereotypical types. They are portrayed as either whores, sluts or nymphomaniac wives; or the book goes to the other extreme where women are held as asexual ‘machines†. This view is very important when referring to Big Nurse. The prostitutes that appear during McMurphy†s fishing trip are a good example of the first way the book describes women. They are shown as amoral, trivialising sex so that it is seen only as a meaningless business transaction. It is also made clear of the loss of McMurphy†s at the age of nine: ‘The first girl ever drug me to bed wore that same dress. I was about ten†¦Taught me how to love, bless her sweet ass (201)† Ruckly†s wife is another example of this such view of women as adulteresses. Ruckly has had an unsuccessful lobotomy, making him rather mentally unstable. The text portrays him very sympathetically, so the reader empathises with his character from the outset: ‘They brought him back to the ward two weeks later†¦you can see by his eyes how they burned him up in there† (18) Ruckly had found out that his wife had been seeing other men; Every time she is mentioned he remembers what she did to him: ‘Memory whispers someplace in that jumbled machinery†¦He turns red and veins clog up†¦Fffffffuck da wife! Ffffffuck da wife!† (19) This is not the only unfavourable way women are portrayed in the novel. Big Nurse is shown as a hardened and rather sterile asexual character. ‘ ‘A mistake was made in manufacturing, putting those big, womanly breasts on her†¦and you can she how bitter she is for it† (11) Whenever she is described by Chief, her attributes are likened to a piece of machinery which is cold and unfeeling. It appears that she is so dedicated to the ward that she is ‘married† to the job and sexual relationships have no place in her ‘plan†. It is arguable that this is why she becomes so enraged when she discovers McMurphy†s relations with the prostitutes towards the end of the book. Today, in contemporary society, the view sometimes is still held that women inferior to men. They can be seen as incapable of carrying out work, and should stay at home to look after the children. Although the advent of feminism has almost vanquished these ‘male chauvinist† attitudes, women can still be stereotyped as above; as whores or nymphomaniacs or, like Big Nurse; ‘frigid†, asexual and cold. It can be seen, thus, the text of One Flew over the Cuckoo†s Nest shows sexism in contemporary society accurately. Finally, the issues of crime and punishment are raised throughout the book and are very important from the outset and ultimately to the ending of the story. The ward, like the society outside, is run on a system of sanctions and rewards which are allocated according to a patient†s behaviour. Punishments may be issued, by Big Nurse, for unwillingness to co-operate with the daily routine or with the staff. Punishments included ECT , the removal of privileges such as cigarettes or more serious, repeat offenders as a last resort, a lobotomy. A patient could also be sent to Disturbed, in effect a ‘hospital within a hospital† where a patient could be sent to recover from an outburst and they will return to the ward when Big Nurse sees fit. A lobotomy is a surgical procedure in which the pre-frontal lobes of the brain are either removed or destroyed. This was thought to pacify aggressive patients, but in practise, it transformed them into inactive individuals: â€Å"The installations they do these days are usually successful†¦a success they say†¦like Ruckly fumbling and drooling all over his picture† (18-19) Rewards were also issued to by the establishment of the ward; Patients were give a ‘ration† of cigarettes every week, but this was stopped when McMurphy arrived in the ward as he used to win the others† cigarettes from them in gambling card games. It is arguable that the security of the hospital could be seen as a reward. Patients, who through the result of their ‘mental illness † could not cope in the outside world and require the constant daily routine to feel secure and safe. Contemporary society has a system of rules, laws and legislations which must be followed to be a member of that society. Society also has the power, like the ward to issue sanctions for those who break the rules. Although many countries have abolished the use of corporal or capital punishment for serious crimes, North America is one such a country where, depending on the state, a person may face capital punishment by lethal injection, electric chair or gas chamber. The ward applies corporal punishment in the form of the ECT and it may be argued that a lobotomy is a form of capital punishment because the patient has little or no quality of life left after the procedure, so they might as well have been killed. Ken Kesey†s One Flew Over The Cuckoo†s Nest mirrors, in the behaviour of it†s characters, contemporary society very accurately and can still be relied on, as a contemporary text, an accurate display of the treatment of patients within a mental hospital today.

Globalization - Good or Bad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Globalization - Good or Bad - Essay Example In terms of International Trade, the author has described globalization as the platform that sets a level playground for both rich and poor countries. The author has also affirmed the less developed country can only improve their situation through the assistance of World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. I agree to a greater extent the assertions of the author except at some few issues which I total disagree. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have been described by the author as the pillars of global governance systems. The author overlooked the power of sovereignty of states, democracy, and the international justice system. The claim that developing countries can only improve their situation through these two global financial institutions is not accurate. Wallerstein (2004) pointed out that the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund is ‘training’ poor countries to depend on them. Developing countries have difficulties servicing the loans they receive from these organizations. They find themselves overburdened by the huge interest rates and end up borrowing again from other sources including internal sources. This creates a scenario similar to the one of digging a hole to bury another hole. The problem still remains. In this regard, I view the two institutions as contributing to the slow growth of developing economies and not as the sole path to their economic prosperity. Multinational companies in developing countries have been highlighted as better paying compared to the local firms and that foreign firms are not really oppressing their workers. Hurst (2008) claim that multinational companies are one of the social oppressions in less developed and poor countries. They offer jobs to locals at a higher wage than local firms, but this should not justify the poor, working conditions, job insecurity, or the prolonged hours of work often witnessed especially in the manufacturing industry. The author claims that if the w orkers were not happy with these companies then they would leave. Hurst (2008) explains that is huge labor force in developing countries and very few job opportunities which leaves many workers to ‘persevere’ where they are. The reason, therefore, why these workers continue working for the foreign firms is not because they are happy but rather because they have nowhere else to look for a livelihood. On the issue of foreign companies being nothing compared to the government, and not being able to raise an army or taxes, the author failed to put into perspective that, at times, some senior government officials usually have personal interests in these companies. Revesz (1997) stated that when it comes to crisis where multinational firms are being accused of various reasons, ‘the states cannot be trusted’ in the way the matter is handled. He observed that despite huge negative publicity and accusations from both the media and the public, the government remains silent and waits for the ‘tide to settle’. The international trading system has been implied by the author as unbiased against developing countries. This may be true as far as international trade laws and regulations are concerned. But, on the other hand, according to Wallerstein (2004), there is a more serious issue of trade imbalance whereby developed countries have an upper hand due to their economic strength advantage, superior

Reading and Comprehension of texts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reading and Comprehension of texts - Essay Example The title of the poem is â€Å"Death of a Naturalist†. Through analysis of the title, an individual can understand the themes of the poem. Moreover, the classroom setting of the poem indicates safety and danger as the teacher uses expressions such as â€Å"daddy frog† to give various examples of safety and danger. Besides, ideas of safety nightmarish images and ideas of safety and danger such as the use of words like the "punishing sun" and "Flax had rotted there." The purpose of the text is to show the dangers involved throughout a Childs life incorporating challenges of nature by using a frog. Additionally, nature is represented as an educational force in a Childs life. The safety and danger of situations among children develops in the poem since in the last stanza, and Heaney says that good times represent by the presentation of the weather. Frogs are yellow in the sun to represent danger while they are brown in the rain to represent safety. The reading of texts such as poems generates knowledge without involving teachers. The main points in the text reflect the challenges of safety and danger experienced by children. Some of the points that indicate safety in the poem includes flax-dam fostered in the heart. It appears in the first stanza and reveals various aspects of safety that a child should have. Besides, the sixth line of the poem, reads, â€Å"Wove strong gauze of sound around the smell,† .It represents dangers within the environment that a child need to notice and take necessary steps to escape from danger. The title of the novel is â€Å"The One Thing Needful†. The novel reflects hard times by booking the first sowing. Moreover, the author insists on the importance of facts among boys and girls. Additionally, it points out the importance of facts, as the only thing wanted in life since it’s a part that forms enhances rational thought. Sticking to facts should be the core principle parents bring up their children. The

Marketing & Entrepreneurship What makes entrepreneurs successful Is it Essay

Marketing & Entrepreneurship What makes entrepreneurs successful Is it skill or luck - Essay Example In this paper, the researcher will use example of Sir Alan Sugar who is not only the founder of consumer electronics giant Amstrad but also the example for entrepreneurs across the world. Sir Alan Sugar established the company at the age of 21 when majority of his classmates were learning in the colleges in order to get job. Before retiring from the organization, Sir Alan Sugar transformed Amstrad from start up venture into electronics giant which is synonymous with innovation, value for money offering and customer loyalty. Was Sir Alan Sugar a magician who is blessed with sheer amount of luck or Sir Alan Sugar was a hardworking individual who used skill and intuition to build the Amstrad Empire? At this point, the essay is not mature enough to answer the question but it is expected that at the end of this essay, the answer will be revealed. One has to understand theoretical underpinning of entrepreneurship before answering the above question whether luck is important or not in makin g an entrepreneur successful. Hence, in the next section, the researcher will try to figure out pertinent variables that affect the success of an entrepreneur. Modern research scholars such as Coulter (2001) and Kirby (2004) defined entrepreneurship as the process with which a particular individual or set of individuals try to fulfil their objectives by creating value for people in the society. Nixon (2004) and Van Praag and Cramer (2001) argued that it is not necessary for entrepreneurs to create value for society rather it is more important for an individual to fulfil existing needs through innovation and unique offer in order to classify as entrepreneur. It is understandable, why management scholars tried to identify the role of luck for an entrepreneur, because giving importance on luck factor will probably disregard the importance of management skill in developing a successful enterprise. Research scholars such as Kaplan and Schoar (2005) and Hochberg, Ljungqvist, and Lu (2006) nullified the importance of luck in helping an entrepreneur to become successful. These research scholars have given examples of successful enterprises that are funded by more experienced venture capitalists in comparison to enterprises that failed due to inexperience of venture capitalists. Hochberg, Ljungqvist, and Lu (2006) strongly argued that a more experienced and skilled entrepreneur has more probability to succeed in comparison to a novice entrepreneur. Eesley and Roberts (2006) raised question over role of luck in helping an entrepreneur to succeed in a competitive environment. According to them, people often mistakenly identify the skill, experience and strategic intelligence of the entrepreneurs as the sheer amount of luck. Eesley and Roberts (2006a and 2006b) amusingly pointed out that there is no such thing as luck for an entrepreneur because an entrepreneur can move ahead in business by understanding the market need and fulfilling the need of customers by offering them value. Research scholars such as Eesley and Roberts (2006a) and Kaplan and Stromberg (2003) found that successful entrepreneurs are those who do not stop estab lishing new enterprises after failure in the previous start-ups. It is evident from the research works of previous research scholars that luck plays very little role in helping an entrepreneur to establish successful enterprises. In such context, Chatterji (2005) showed that experience in working in a particular

Managing Financial Resources in Health and Social Care Assignment

Managing Financial Resources in Health and Social Care - Assignment Example Principles of Costing and Business Control Systems May Be Adopted in BUPA The strategy of any company depends on a number of risks and uncertainties. Emphasising this particular concern, BUPA has engaged efficient risk managers who are bestowed with the responsibility to improve the credibility of the organisation in mitigating risks within the business environment. A proper costing requires sources from its stakeholders including the non-financial staff members. In this process, the staff members associated in different fields of operations can also contribute in the accurate computation of effective costing. Thus, staff members from within and outside the finance department must also be engaged, being stakeholders of the company, in order to identify the accuracy and relevancy of costing in the organisation as per the Principle 1 of NHS Approved Costing Guidance 2013 (Monitor, 2013). BUPA must also adopt this approach throughout the organisation in a consistent manner. This approac h will help the organisation to analyze the various accounting method such as cost submission and comparison as per the Principle 2 of NHS Approved Costing Guidance 2013. The costing principle, that is Principle 3, must be very much accurate in terms of its data. BUPA must be conscious of the accuracy of the data such as patient’s data, clinical staff’s performance data and the data of the trial balance or ledger of the organisation. The costing principle of BUPA must be oriented towards the material costs as per the Principle 4 of NHS Approved Costing Guidance 2013. It must focus on the high costs material, accuracy to be required for costing purposes and calculate the expenditure required in the material costs of the organisation. The costing principle must be based on the needs of the patients. In a health care organisation, the needs of the patients must be understood to enable effective costs. This understanding will improve the relation between the health workers and patients and in return create a positive impact on the financial aspect of the organisation following Principle 5 of NHS Approved Costing Guidance 2013. Again as per principle 6 of NHS Approved Costing Guidance 2013, every organisation must adopt a transparent costing system. It provides the organisation with complete assurance and develops the trustworthiness of the resources which will promote the workers with greater service delivery to their patients (Monitor, 2013). 1.2. Main Heads/ Income for BUPA in Last Financial Year The total attributable equity to the holders of the parent company of BUPA Care homes was recorded to be ?333,070,000. The major heads of income for BUPA in the last financial year were the economic capital, operational activities, funding and reserves for financial and taxation expenses. It is worth to be noted in this context that BUPA always maintains a proper capital so that it can be utilised to meet the organisational liabilities in the coming future and thereby preserve the liquidity of the company. Similarly, the other head in the income statement of BUPA can be identified as the funding generated by the company, which signifies the liquidity of BUPA and the availability of funds at any time of requirement. Notably, BUPA prepares its financial statement in accordance with the guidelines prescribed under the International Financial Reporting Standards, which in turn helps to give a true and

Is Alexander Wendit right that anarchy is what states make of it If Essay

Is Alexander Wendit right that anarchy is what states make of it If so, what are the implications for IR theory - Essay Example Therefore, in a given essay the key elements of Wendt’s theory are presented in order to comprehend all the levels of his theoretical framework. Afterwards, it is reasonable to analyze his place in the academic field through the evaluation of his assumptions within contemporary theories. Finally, the real implications in the present international system and the relevance of Wendt’s prescriptions on the new world order conclude this paper and prove that his ideas are only the preliminary stage in the development of completely new approach in international relations. To start with, the most popular idea of Alexander Wendt that is at the same time the title of one of his books proclaims that â€Å"anarchy is what states make of it† (Wendt, 1992). In short, this thesis means that states in international relations instead of unifying and providing collective policies create an environment of constant suspect and rivalry. However, this notion contains several important ideas within its context. First, the close look to contemporary international relations proves that the states as artificial creations rely on subjective behaviors of those people who live on their territories. In fact, there is a two-fold explanation of this thought. On the one hand, Wendt demonstrates that previously individuals had decided to organize themselves into the larder anonymous communities; in this context, the real nature of these entities is still individualistic in conditions when its personality is pluralistic (Wendt, 2003, p. 511). On another hand, anarchist n ature in its core does not accept formalized hierarchies and aims on searching for the methods to introduce group conscience (Prichard, 2010, p. 4). Summarizing both these ideas, it is inevitable for states to demonstrate certain â€Å"goal-seeking behavior† (Wendt, 2003, p. 513), resulting from their human

The Time Back Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Time Back - Essay Example Michael never told anyone that he was counting the days, weeks, months and years devoid of his mother’s presence. It was as if by counting them, she was still here, still present. The bitter sweetness of constant remembrance took great hold of him and would not let go. He could smell her everywhere around the house, her bedroom still smelled of her perfume, even though uncle Rob and auntie Emma emptied her closets and drawers. He liked uncle Rob and auntie Emma. They were very nice to him, and having no children of their own, came to take care of him in the house where he used to live with his mother. He heard them say one time that it would be good for him to stay in this house, because the move might create more emotional and psychological damage to a thirteen year old boy. And, so they came and stayed. Auntie Emma made the best chocolate chip cookies in the world, that was what even his mother admitted to on several occasions, while uncle Rob worked in a toy factory and wou ld bring a small toy every week. Usually it was little cars, tractors, Rubik’s cubes and similar. Nobody ever mentioned his father. He took off before Michael was born, and his mother decided not to talk about him. Well, not much, that is. She was always polite enough to answer his questions of: Mommy, why do John and Tim, and Bessie and Joanna have dads and not me? She would take him in her lap and explain that their dad is somewhere else, that he had some very important business to take care of and that she was not sure he would be coming back. But, that does not make Michael any different from John, Tim, Bessie, Joanna or anyone else. Having stopped daydreaming, he threw a small rock into the river and went back into the house to have lunch. The whole kitchen smelled deliciously of chicken soup and meat, mash potatoes, fresh salad and for dessert, pecan pie. â€Å"Wash your hands, sweetheart and then come have lunch,† auntie’s voice was soft and melodious, an d if he closed his eyes, he could imagine his mother saying it. The two sisters always looked and sounded very much alike. Having finished lunch, he was told to go to his room and tidy up a bit. His room was not a mess, but nonetheless he was taught that an ordered mind requires an ordered surrounding. He always believed his mother was the smartest person in the world. He started putting things away, and then noticed a stack of cards on the table. You don’t belong here, silly little things, he smiled to himself. It was a stack of cards, which his aunt and uncle borrowed from time to time when they wanted to amuse themselves. Arranging the cards, he noticed that one particular card was bigger than all the others. He took it out and saw that it wasn’t a playing card at all. It was a business card which said â€Å"Need science help† with a phone number. Nothing more. He thought it might be someone looking for an assistant. After a bit of consideration and talking w ith his uncle and aunt to see if they would approve, he decided to dial the number. He was always interested in science and liked knowing how stuff functioned. Maybe this was the person to ask such things. They even allowed him to make the call himself, but of course, they would take him to the place. Happily, he dialed the number and listened to the phone. All he could hear was silence at first, no ring

Hobbes and Locke's Ideas on Sovereignty Literature review

Hobbes and Locke's Ideas on Sovereignty - Literature review Example Citizens are obliged to say okay to authority by their governments due to the fact that the alternative, which is living without some form of governance, would not be ideal. The foundation of a state is based on the relationship between governments and their respective citizens. Advocates of theories of social contract go about explaining the reasons as to why governments are formed by citizens as well as are compelled to abide by the law. The theories of social contract were heavily supported by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Despite this, the theories by the two just about totally opposed on the nature of the power of the governing supreme, human nature as well as on the citizens’ rights against the supreme. Locke employed the social contract to support limited constitutionalism while Hobbes employed the same to defend absolutism.         The Leviathan’s writing began shortly after the start of England’s civil war and was later published in 1651. The primary motives of Hobbes writing his theory of sovereignty are believed to be accounting for a stable political authority. In fact, Hobbes feels that it is the desire for stability that drives men into agreeing to enter into a commonwealth. According to Hobbes, a state of nature has â€Å"no propriety, no Dominion, no Mine and Thine distinct; but (only) that to be every man's that he can get; and for so long as he can keep it." He believed that the state of nature was characterized by a war between every man, and against every man.In addition, Hobbes argued that in a case of a natural state, "every man has a right to everything; even to one another's a body", describing the state of lives of men in this state as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". This is in line with his argument that though men are equal in their natural sense, continued acquis ition of property results in bad self-preservation. The above-mentioned condition has no room for living large, industry, or private ownership of property beyond what one can secure from others by force. When people begin hunting each other for property, a state of insecurity is born and eventually results in fear of death among the citizens. This fright, together with the hunger for a large living is described by Hobbes as â€Å"the passions that incline men to peace.†

Compare the Ways in Which Susan Hill Essay Example for Free

Compare the Ways in Which Susan Hill Essay Compare the Ways in Which Susan Hill and Thomas Hardy Present Their Narratives of Suspense and the Supernatural in the Woman in Black and the Withered Arm? Both the Woman in Black and the Withered Arm are well known pieces of modern literature, and utilize both different and similar methods to present a narrative of the supernatural. In this assessment of the two books I will be considering the pace, tension, description, structure, style, literature devices and the creative writing within the two books. However throughout my evaluation of the two pieces I will take into account the fact that although The Withered Arm and The Woman in Black are both considered short stories rather than novels, their lengths vary immensely. This may help account for some of the differences but may also be a reflection of the authors preferred style of writing, and therefore can be used to give us a better insight into their reasons and motives behind every literal device. Thomas Hardy, the author of The Withered Arm is probably one of the most effective and to the point authors of his time. Every single person, every single place and every single object in the book has a point, whether it is an obvious point or a more vague and ambiguous point. Therefore person, place and object create a very effective example of the scenic code in The Withered Arm by Hardy. Hardy uses his flair for being succinct and concise to not only decrease the amount of words needed to tell the story, but to also increase the amount of hidden and inconspicuous messages in the written and spoken dialogue. This can explain the amount of detail in the book in relation to the length of the story. The concealed details give indications and suggestions into events further on. An example of this is the hint surrounding the future of Rhodas son. Hardy describes him as playing with a knife, and returning from catching coneys, which implies that at this time, his life involves crossing lines with the law, and that his future will be linked with the law, crime and punishment. The Woman in Blacks author Susan Hill employs a different style of writing which is intentionally drawn out and long-winded then abrupt and unexpected to embark the reader on a rollercoaster ride affair within the book. It is filled with changes in pace, tension and emotion that create dips, build ups, climactic peaks, and the eventual and inevitable hangover period of the come down. The rollercoaster ride within The Woman in Black is deliberate as to ensnare the concentration of the reader, keep them on their toes and heighten their awareness of the story. The dips occur during scenes unconcerned of the supernatural, such as in the second chapter, where the objective of the narrative at this point is simply to plot the way for the supernatural to transpire. In this chapter concerning the assigning of Arthur Kipps to the estate of the lately deceased Alice Drablow, there is no hint of the sinister events to come, except perhaps of the ominous feelings created by the considerably described state of Londons fog. These ominous feelings are repeated by the portrayal of foggy weather later on in the book, where it is used to good effect to assist in the build-ups in pace, tension and emotion. There is an immense feeling of menace and apprehension during the build-ups, which help to accumulate a sense of foreboding. This may be likened to the Hollywood device of a background crescendo before a frightening event. The climactic peaks of a ghost sighting occur for only a short time, but Hill prolongs the events with detailed descriptions. These descriptions are recurring throughout the book, and at times can be described as a logorrhoea. These excessive flows of language are on occasion unnecessary, but understandable in terms of the purpose of varying the pace and tension. The post-supernatural event calm allows the reader to recover from the event and lulls them back into a state of comfort. The Withered Arm is in the third person, which has the benefit of giving the narrator a feeling of omnipotence. This is advantageous as it lends the narrative the use of describing everything that is occurring with a link to the story. The Withered Arm starts off in a simple, stable and somewhat controlled environment; however when Hardy throws in the bitter emotions of a discarded lover and the conflict between the supernatural and mere coincidence, the story becomes a lot more elaborate. Whereas Hill states that it is actually a ghost story and offers no other alternative explanation, Hardy tries hard to keep this distinction vague and indistinguishable. He doesnt define the story as being of the supernatural, but instead tries to make us believe the logic of coincidence. This could be a measure of reverse psychology, intertwined with the exploitation of human instincts. Saying that it isnt a ghost story makes us want to disbelieve the statement and formulate our own ideas that it is a ghost story and it also immediately places the statement of a ghost story into the brain due to instinct. Hardy extends the argument for mere coincidence with Conjuror Trendle joking about his apparent powers and dismissing them as pure luck. Further evidence of his wish to leave the supernatural in shrouds of mystery is his modifications from his unsolicited first version in 1887 to the altered edition in 1888. Changes like from she would not explain to she could not explain on page 64, and the addition of dream to precede scene on page 68 create hesitation as to the certainty of the supernatural event actually taking place. The Woman in Black is written in the first person, which has the advantage of presenting this feeling of a memory rather than a story being told by the narrator. This leads to the hypothesis that, as a ghost story, one of the authors intentions for the book was as a publicly performed storytelling book. This furthers its notion of a classic Dickensian story (such as A Christmas Carol) which has been made a part of modern literary culture and is widely associated with storytelling. However, the first person means that the story can only be describe through the eyes of the main character, Arthur Kipps. Evolutions in plot can only happen under Arthurs presence, but this does not lead to too much of a problem as all of the main events happen to Arthur and any necessary information is relayed through him to the reader by somebody else. These informing conversations happen with a number of people who are all reluctant to divulge all they know to Arthur. Hill uses their unwillingness to expand the changes in tension. Her use of the characters is not limited to increasing tension and the sense of foreboding but also to increasing comfort. Hill uses two characters to reinforce this sense of comfort, Stella (Arthurs fianci e) and Samuel Daily (Arthurs new friend). Stella is never seen apart from the last chapter, but is frequently used as a mental comforter for both Arthur and the reader, when they are scared. She adds depth to his character, reminding the reader that Arthur is capable of love. She adds a facet to Arthurs personality that gives the reader more to connect to. Samuel Daily is the only friendly person in Crythin Gifford, and is used as a Safety Blanket, another means of comfort for Arthur that is physical rather than just mental, as with Stella. He is also a means for Susan Hill to slowly describe the story of Jennet Humhrye, using Samuel to reluctantly release the details he knows about. This combats the problem of the 1st person limitations effectively. Events that do not happen to Arthur are being known to the reader in a manner which suits the story. Hardy uses his characters in a different way. Unlike Hill, where the moral classifications are immediately set, Hardys characters have no obvious categorisation into hero, friend or villain. Even though it is a very short story compared Hills he manages to give the characters superior, making them mysterious in their personality traits. Both of the main characters are female, and have multi faceted personalities, which develop and change over the period of the book. Rhoda, the main character in the first half of the story, is initially disturbing and malevolent with her obsession towards Gertrude. It seems as if she is the token villain and the supernatural force, but Hardy casts doubts on this by conflicting the paranormal with coincidence, as previously mentioned. Hardy thickens the plot by portraying the mystic as either an accident or as not occurring at all, that the events are due to the freaks of coincidence, and are not by Rhodas intent. Gertrude is the main character in the second half of the story distinguished by a six-year gap. She is initially modest, generous and beautiful, the ideal of a lady. But during the second half, the reader learns that she becomes fixated on necromancy as a cure for her disfigurement. The Withered Arm has an unoriginal structure, as it is in chronological order. However, the second half of the story takes place 6 years after the first half, which signifies both that there is a change in the story (Gertrudes actions become the focus of the narrative) and that Gertrudes ailment in the first half was not serious enough to kill her, she simply declined into a loveless marriage. Hill employs an original structure to her story where a framing narrative precedes the main bulk of the story. This Love plays a major part in the two books; it serves as a reason for some of the events and gives motives for some peoples actions. In the withered arm, love could be considered the driving force behind Rhodas initial hate for Gertrude. It is Gertrudes deep desire to be loved again that forces her to take such extreme measures. It is Jennet Humphyres love for her son that makes her become a malevolently evil force. In conclusion I think that Hardys narrative of the supernatural is superior to Hills as although it is much shorter, using literary analysis, I have discovered that it contains far more in terms of detail, allusion, references, prophesies and obscurity and ambiguity.

The Current Issues of Education in Cambodia

The Current Issues of Education in Cambodia Education plays very important role in the society. One country can be developed based significantly on the variety of Human resources. Anyway, the only way to get rid of Human Resources is Education. Thus, people have tried their best to find way to educate people in order to gain Human Resources for working and serving in the society. Cambodia is one of the countries in the world that has its own tradition of Education. Thus, how did Cambodia produce its human resources in the past? A system of education has been in place in Cambodia since at least the thirteenth century. This traditional education system was centered on local temples and involved teaching students about the foundations of religion, basic literacy, and skills such as carpentry that were relevant to the rural life of most Cambodians. While this nonformal system endured after the arrival of the French in Cambodia, it was gradually replaced by a Westernized educational model. The French authorities did not pursue this modern education system with any great enthusiasm and seemed unwilling to devote the educational resources that were needed to meet local demand. The educational heritage of the colonial period in Cambodia was the importation of the Western idea of a formal school system and the gradual undermining of its traditional counterpart. The colonial era introduced to Cambodians the idea that education could lead to upward social mobility. It was a realization that led to extraordinary demand for access to education in the years that immediately followed independence. There were so many problems existed in education sector in Cambodia and it is still remain existing in present day such as the inequality of participation between boy and girl at school poor attendance by girls at school, widespread difficulties in communications; the problems of hygiene and water supply within education facilities, and lack of trained educational personnel. The countrys teachers, who are grossly underpaid, have resorted to charging their students unofficial fees. Many are spending less time in the classroom as they seek additional employment elsewhere. Almost 20 percent of students in urban areas, and 26 percent in rural areas, have repeated at least one grade at school. From every one thousand students who begin primary school, only twenty-seven will graduate from upper secondary school. Girls, students from remote areas, and the poor are all grossly underrepresented in education statistics. With these significant problems as a backdrop, and the school-age populat ion continuing to grow, the Cambodian government still denies the education sector the funding it needs to realize its important role in Cambodian society. The education system in Cambodia continues to be overwhelmed by many difficulties, including an acute shortage of qualified teaching staff, poor morale due to low salary levels and lack of suitable teaching materials. Attendance at school remains limited in rural areas since children are often expected to stay at home and help their families in the fields. What methodology did Cambodia use in Education? Cambodia conducted the teacher-centered in teaching and this methodology keep conducting until the last few decades which there were some changes in Education Curriculum. In the past, students were strictly forced to learn by their teachers and most of time they were punished by various activities including violent. Therefore, many students were frighten and afraid of their teachers and finally decided to drop out of school. Nowadays, student-center methods are accepted but it not completely implemented effectively due to the lack of qualified trainers and teaching aids. II. Biography of Friedrich Froebel Life of Friedrich Froebel Friedrich Froebel, a German Philosopher, was born on April 21, 1782 in Oberweissback, Germany; Friedrich was the youngest of six children. Friedrichs mother died when he was still an infant, and his father, a pastor, left him to care for himself. When he was ten years old, his uncle took over his care. As a young child, Friedrich Froebel spent a lot of time playing alone in the gardens around his home. This led to a love and respect of nature that would remain throughout his adult life. In 1797, Froebel attended school to learn about forestry, geometry, land surveying, and valuation; and by 1802, he was working as a forester. Ever the student, Friedrich attended Frankfurt University to study architecture, and later, began teaching under Johann J. Pestalozzi, a well respected educator of the day. Pestalozzi welcomed the poor into his school, including orphans. He believed that children needed to be active in their own learning. Froebel died on the 21st June 1852. Work of Friedrich Frobel It was at Frankfurt, where he was studying architecture that he developed some relationship with the Director of a Model School. This director discovered that true field for Frobel was education. Then Frobel was advised to give up architecture and join the Model School. Froebel found his long-missed life element and was in-expressibly happy with the job of teacher. He worked there for two years. Latter he felt that he should have more training in the teaching profession. Thus, he undertook to coach three boys of one family. He was dissatisfied with his own work so he took his wards to Pestalozzis school at Yverdun where he remained for four years. His desire for knowledge of natural science carried him in 1811 to Gottimgen University whence he went to Berlin. Two years later, his university studies were interrupted as he joined the Army. Military experience showed him the value of discipline and united action. In 1814, he returned from military and became a keeper of the Museum in Be rlin. But he still kept thinking about becoming an educator. In 1816, he opened a small school which became a successful institution in 10 years. He published a book about The Education of Man which was very great work of him. Froebel opened a school in Switzerland in 1830. The Swiss Government took advantage of his presence and sent their teachers to him for instruction. Soon he moved to Burgdorf to run an orphanage and to superintend the training of teachers for short time courses of three months. In these conferences with the teachers, he learnt that the schools suffered as they did not get good raw material the educand. This he believed was due to no education in the pre-school age. In 1837, at the age of 55, Friedrich Froebel founded his own school and called it kindergarten, or the childrens garden. Kindergarten was a new word created by Froebel to express his vision for early childhood education: Children are like tiny flowers; they are varied and need care, but each is beautiful alone and glorious when seen in the community of peers. His Philosophy on Education Prior to Froebels kindergarten, children under the age of seven did not attend school. It was believed that young children did not have the ability to concentrate or to develop cognitive and emotional skills before this age. However, Froebel expressed his own beliefs about the importance of early education by stating that . . . because learning begins when consciousness erupts, education must also. Froebel labeled his approach to education as self-activity. This idea allows the child to be led by his or her own interests and to freely explore them. The teachers role, therefore, was to be a guide rather than lecturer. Froebels kindergarten was designed to meet each childs need for: physical activity, the development of sensory awareness and physical dexterity, creative expression, exploration of ideas and concepts, the pleasure of singing, the experience of living among others, and satisfaction of the soul Froebels school featured games, play, songs, stories, and crafts to stimulate imagination and develop physical and motor skills. The materials in the room were divided into two categories: 1. Gifts: were objects that were fixed in form such as blocks. The purpose was that in playing with the object, the child would learn the underlying concept represented by the object. 2. Occupations: allowed more freedom and consisted of things that children could shape and manipulate such as clay, sand, beads, and string. There was an underlying symbolic meaning in all that was done. Even clean up time was seen as a reminder to the child of Gods plan for moral and social order. In 1852, after a short illness, Friedrich Froebel passed away. During his lifetime, he changed the face of education in Germany, and led other educators to follow in his path. Between 1848 and 1852 thirty one kindergartens had been founded in German cities. Unlike other educational institutions, many kindergartens were open to children of all social classes and religious denominations. The teachers encouraged broadmindedness and understanding among these varied segments of the population. Froebels most important gifts to children were invaluable. He gave children respect for their intellectual and emotional, abilities and development, the classroom, and that which he needed most as a child. A teacher who took on the role of loving, supportive parents. Friedrich Froebel was truly a pioneer of Early Childhood Education, and a role model that all educators can still learn from today. III. Conclusion What is Friedrich Froebel Perspective on Education? And how did Froebels theory help Education in Cambodia to be better? In 1837, after years of trying to establish better schools for children, Froebel founded the first Child Nurture and Activity Institute, or Kindergarten. This school was designed for infants, reflecting Froebels belief that an improvement to infant education was necessary for educational reform. In spite of Prussian government opposition to kindergarten, the idea spread throughout Europe, effecting a lasting change to childrens education. Thus, we can see that, Froebel pay particular attention on the children education especially in the preschool education. In contrast, based on the history of Education in Cambodia society, people dont pay any attention to child education. Most children need to help their parents to earn the living and they are always staying at home and go to the rice field. This tradition leads Cambodia to have extremely poor educated people. Nowadays, many kindergarten schools have been established in Cambodia. People send their children to preschool for education as well as they are busy in their job and have no time to take care of them. We can see that, children who have attended in preschool education learn well and more qualified than those who didnt attend the preschool education. In short, in order to produce good human resources, Cambodia should adopt Froebels theory of Education. We should take particular attention on Children because education is the development of habits, attitudes and skills which help a man to lead a full and worthwhile life. Thus, we need to start educating them at the early stage of their life. IV. References Ayres, David M. (2005). Anatomy of a Crisis. Education, Development and Education Taneja, Vidya Ratna V.R.(2010). Educational Thought and Practice Zimmermann, Thomas Cohort 5. Course Reading. Foundations of Education(MEd103) http://hubpages.com/hub/Friedrich-Froebel-Founder-of-the-First-Kindergarten http://www.culturalprofiles.net/cambodia/Directories/Cambodia_Cultural_Profile/-36.html

Analysis of Superstitions :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Superstitions Mysterious happenings are all around us today. I personally have done extensive studies in the histories of many of these superstitions, from the common to the absurd. Science tends to claim that all superstitions are pointless, and, in some cases, I agree, such as the fear of black cats, but the fact of the matter is that some superstitions come from a rich pre-Christian background. Many superstitions have been doubted since the rise of science, but it has been said that "In spite of advances and science, people are still superstitious." First, today's superstition is yesterday's magick; second, many people still practice the old ways; and finally, even common people practice. Superstitions are a part of our everyday lives and always have been. First, today's superstitions are yesterday's magick. Magick is the term practitioners use to describe the direct but subtle influence over reality; magic is a term for stage tricks. Long before the age of science, magick was a common element in every religion, even Christianity. Even science in its beginning, was based on old magicks like numerology, begun by Pythagoras, and alchemy. Since then, we have several leftovers from the old ways, my favorite of which is knocking on wood. The ancient Celts (pronounced Kelts) began this practice as a way of thanking the wood fairies, who were seen as mostly responsible for good luck. Today, when speaking of one's good fortune, it is common to knock on wood, though most people do not know why. Despite science's attempts to turn the old ways into useless or forgotten superstitions, the remnants of them are still around. Second, many of us still practice magick, roughly 10,000 in America. Collectively, the religion is known as Wicca, though not all Wiccans practice magick, and not all of those who practice magic are Wiccan. Obviously, the scientific community would prefer to believe that we are either insane, delusional, or con-artists, but none of that is true. I have seen magick work and have done it myself. In fact, my favorite way to gain the trust of a new friend is by granting him or her one wish, as long as the wish is not too grand; as I said before, magic is subtle.

Quiz Show Essay -- essays research papers

Charles Van Doren has a life that many people would be envious of. He is a member of one of the country’s most intellectual and well respected families. His uncle, Carl, is a noted historian and his father, Mark, is a distinguished professor at Columbia University as well as Pulitzer-prize winning poet. Even his mother, Dorothy, is a well known author with several highly recognized pieces of literature. Charles is following in his father’s footsteps as he works as an instructor at Columbia preparing to take over for his father once he retires. Unfortunately for Van Doren, he feels that he lacks an identity in this family of overachievers. At this point in his life, he believes that he should have accomplished enough that people don’t have to refer to him as â€Å"the son† but rather address him by his name. Clearly Van Doren doesn’t realize how fortunate he is and that compared to nearly all the men in America, he is still more of a success than an y of them will ever be. This insecurity and tragic flaw will ultimately lead to his demise over the course of the film. The question becomes not whether or not this tragic hero will do anything to gain the spotlight that his relatives have gained but rather to what extent will he be willing to compromise his values in the process. The second scene of the film displays the seemingly secure process in which the questions for the show are taken to the studio. They are taken from a vault at the bank by police officers and there is a large procession that hand delivers the questions to the studio. It makes the viewer think that the whole quiz show thing is completely fraud-free. The camera then shows how such shows have captivated audiences around the country. Everyone wants to be a part of the phenomenon of quiz shows even if it means simply watching the show on television from their home. The audience ranges from couples to families to even nuns. Yet the corruption is shown very early in the show as an executive makes a phone call to inform a producer that they want to get rid of the current winner on the show, Herbert Stempel, because he is getting tired of him. Stempel, who is a working class Jewish man from Queens, NY, has had an amazing run on the quiz show â€Å"Twenty-One†. He has won a great deal of money and is milking the glory for all it’s worth. When he returns to his modest neighborhood, he is treated like a king;... ...es almost shocked, saying that, â€Å"I wanted to get television; the truth is television is going to get us†. Goodwin is quite vague and leaves this line for the viewer to interpret. Perhaps he means that television holds the power to ruin lives of even those who are the least likely to be morally seduced by it. Charles Van Doren’s life is completely tragic as in his attempt to better his life he ends up making it worse than when he started â€Å"Twenty-One†. The money he made and the fame that he achieved could have been accomplished through hard work and determination like his father. He was driven by the opportunity to practically do nothing and be credited as a hero. In a way though, Van Doren is successful, as his ultimate goal is to be more than his father’s son, but unfortunately he obtained notoriety rather than honored distinction. Dick Goodwin is the antithesis of Charlie, a man who could look temptation in the eye and simply turn away, knowing that simply giving in is completely wrong. Who knows what Charles Van Doren’s life could have been if he had stayed on the path that he was on rather than succumbing to the temptations of easy fortune and fame that came with â€Å"Twenty-One†.

Polyhydroxybutyrate Essays -- Chemistry

Plastic industry has become of vital importance for the comfort and quality of our lives, due to numerous qualities as strength, lightness, low cost and durability. Their downside is the negative impact over the environment, due to the accumulating of millions of tons per year. Therefore, the development of biodegradable plastics seems a key issue for further development. PHAs are hydroxyalkanoate polyesters that are used as energy storage for bacteria. Polyhydroxybutyrate(PHB) is a biodegradable polymer, with similar properties to polypropylene, which gives it great potential as alternative source of plastics. PHB is linear polyester of D-3-hydroxybutyric acid, with high molecular weight, accumulated as a storage carbon in different microorganisms. The PHB-producing bacteria require an environment rich in sucrose, glucose or ethanol, all expensive raw materials. Efforts have been made in the past years to overcome those disadvantages, by producing PHB from plants. (Gehrke, 2009) The first attempts to establish fermentative production of PHA happened 40 years ago, using stains of Ralstonia eutropha and Alcaligenes latus. Biopol ®, a polymer developed by ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) was produced using a mutant stain Ralstonia eutropha using glucose as a carbon source. That was the start of the commercially available PHVBs, in the 1980s. After the change of proprietorship to Monsanto, the bioplastic’s division was sold and the patent was bought by a Cambridge, (MA, U.S.A.) company called Metabolix (source: press release 16 May 2001, Metabolix.com). The research continued, adding new naturally PHA- producing bacteria to the list, whilst other microorganisms were modified to do so. The carbon source usually used was gluc... ...ndia : University of Pune. 9. Mousavioun, P. (2011). Properties of Ligning and Polyhydroxybutyrate Blends. Queensland, Australia: Queensland University of Technology. 10. Nisha V. Ramadas, S. K. (2009). Polyhydroxybutyrate Production using Agro-industrial Residue as Substrate by Bacillus sphaericus NCIM 5149. Kerala: National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology. 11. Peter H. Yu, H. C.-L.-H.-P. (1999). Conversion of industrial wastes by Alcaligenes Latus into Polyhydroxyalkanoates,. 12. Product information . (fÄÆ'rÄÆ' an). Preluat de pe mirel plastics: http://www.mirelplastics.com/discover/default.aspx?ID=1783 13. Udpuay, S. C. (2008). Production and Characterization of Polyhydroxybutyrate from Molasses and Corn Steep Liquor produced by Bacillus megaterium ATCC 6748 . Phitsanulok ,Thailand: Dept. of Biology, Fac. of Science, Naresuan University, .

Objective And Impressionistic Description

Objective and Impressionistic DescriptionThere are two ways to describe depending on the kind of result or response that you like to elicit from the reader. Objective description is the enumeration of details in a matter-of-fact way to simply show the appearance or condition of a person, place,or thing. This kind of description is commonly used when writing journalistic,reports,encyclopedia entries,or scientific observations. Impressionistic description is used when you like to imply certain feelings, or set a mood, or build an atmosphere in what is described. The use of highly connotative words and abstraction usually results in more impressionistic descriptions. This kind of description is often found in literary works and feature articles.Consider this objective description of an eagle:An eagle is any of the hawk family, Accipitridae. Eagles have hooked beaks,curved claws (called talons), keen eyesight, powerful wings, strong bodies, and feathered legs. Land eagles build their nes ts high up in trees,while sea eagles (or ernes) usually build theirs on the rocky ledges of cliffs. Eagles feed on small mammals,birds,fish, and carreon.Now take a look at this impressionistic description of â€Å"The Eagle† by Alfred Lord Tennyson: He clasps the crag with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely lands. Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt, he falls.Objective and Impressionistic DescriptionThere are two ways to describe depending on the kind of result or response that you like to elicit from the reader. Objective description is the enumeration of details in a matter-of-fact way to simply show the appearance or condition of a person, place,or thing. This kind of description is commonly used when writing journalistic,reports,encyclopedia entries,or scientific observations. Impressionistic description is used when you like  to imply certain feelings, or set a moo d, or build an atmosphere in what is described. The use of highly connotative words and abstraction usually results in more impressionistic descriptions. This kind of description is often found in literary works and feature articles.Consider this objective description of an eagle:An eagle is any of the hawk family, Accipitridae. Eagles have hooked beaks,curved claws (called talons), keen eyesight, powerful wings, strong bodies, and feathered legs. Land eagles build their nests high up in trees,while sea eagles (or ernes) usually build theirs on the rocky ledges of cliffs. Eagles feed on small mammals,birds,fish, and carreon.Now take a look at this impressionistic description of â€Å"The Eagle† by Alfred Lord Tennyson: He clasps the crag with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely lands. Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt, he falls.Objective and Impressionistic DescriptionTh ere are two ways to describe depending on the kind of result or response that you like to elicit from the reader. Objective description is the enumeration of details in a matter-of-fact way to simply show the appearance or condition of a person, place,or thing. This kind of description is commonly used when writing journalistic,reports,encyclopedia entries,or scientific observations. Impressionistic description is used when you like to imply certain feelings, or set a mood, or build an atmosphere in what is described. The use of highly connotative words and abstraction usually results in more impressionistic descriptions. This kind of description is often found in literary works and feature articles.Consider this objective description of an eagle:An eagle is any of the hawk family,Accipitridae. Eagles have hooked  beaks,curved claws (called talons), keen eyesight, powerful wings, strong bodies, and feathered legs. Land eagles build their nests high up in trees,while sea eagles (or ernes) usually build theirs on the rocky ledges of cliffs. Eagles feed on small mammals,birds,fish, and carreon.Now take a look at this impressionistic description of â€Å"The Eagle† by Alfred Lord Tennyson: He clasps the crag with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely lands. Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt, he falls.

Absolute Essay

â€Å"There really are [or are not] ‘absolutes’ upon which a universal truth can be based that can be applied for establishing ethical behavior in business. † The world of business would be such a chaotic place sans universal truth that can be applied to establish ethical behavior. If they are no â€Å"absolutes† then everything else is relative; that state of being depends on how many factors and those factors include how one feels on a certain issue, the norms in a society that one lives in, the definition of right and wrong being subjective, and religious beliefs. In the instance where an individual will act as they feel and not per universal absolute truth, then the individual may decide not to pay for the services rendered to them or merchandise that they procured because that is how the individual feels about the situation even if the renderer of service or seller may feel that they ought to be paid for their services or goods. They feelings in this case are only true to them and not the buyer as the buyer has a different feeling about the situation. In the case where the norms of a society dictate the ethical behavior of a society, it would also mean that there is relative subjectivity to the whole notion of ethics as societies can have norms which are not at all right as seen in the case of the Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda. The Hutus were a majority (85%)of the population and through political propaganda they were incited to kill the minority Tutsis (14%). 800,000 people were murdered in the name of tribal cleansing and at that point in time it was alright for a Hutu to kill a Tutsi as per what had become the norm. The entire world condemned this sordid act even though it was relatively â€Å"right† in the Hutu society. This might sound extreme but it only shows us a norm in a society does not make it a right thing to be done. The same applies for business in that what is a norm for business in one society would be considered gross corruption in another and also what might mean integrity in one society would be condemned in another as lack of business acumen as in not being able to accept business opportunities regardless of how the can be obtained. We cannot therefore base ethical behavior on societal norms and behaviors and not to say that they are not any of those norms that are acceptable and of very high standards that could very well be ethical, however the The definition of right or wrong if treated as relative subject will influence the way one perceives issues in terms of being ethical or unethical. When right and wrong is relative it means what might be right for one might just be wrong for me, there is no absolutes. A classical example is the Nigerian immigration as it purportedly used to be in past, this writer does not have first hand knowledge of the said instances. It is said that when one travelled to Nigeria, one could not get their passport stamped by the immigration officer if they did not put some money in the passport. The officer would hand one back the passport and advise them that there is a †page† missing in the passport. The â€Å"page† meant a dollar bill. For people who grew up in that tradition it was an expected thing to do and that was how it was supposed to be supposedly but for a foreigner, say an American, that would be so wrong a thing to do because in the USA, that is corrupting a public officer and that is a crime in itself that one could go to jail for. There is the issue of religious beliefs and religion and lack thereof. It is said that religious beliefs help to foster stronger ethical behavior, as religions tend to be black and white on what is wrong and what is right. Yet there are different religions and needless to say the different religions have different sets of ideals whether it be ethics or morals. To highlight that is the tragic case of Sept11, 2011 when the USA was attacked by the Muslim terrorists. These terrorists according to what they believed, they were doing the right thing and had been taught so that when they die like that they are martyrs of their religion and they will go to heaven for doing the will of their God. Beliefs in the different religions vary and notwithstanding those without any religion, it is reasonable to say that in this case it is relative as in what a person believes in. If there has to be consistency in any transaction of business, there therefore has to be absolutes upon which a universal truth can be based that can be applied for establishing ethical behavior. It should not matter how one feels, what norms are in one’s society, how one defines right or wrong, and what one’s religious beliefs are. There are absolutely ethical elements in all the above that can be applied to all business ethics to enhance the ethical behavior but there definitely should be a standard that is universal and expected to be followed by all involved in business. It is so fundamental because it is the basis on which all business is going to be transacted upon. One cannot go into business with a partner who will run one out of business or someone who will not do what they say they will do and do it right.

African American Male Stereotype Essay

Question: Discuss the origins and meaning of any one stereotype of black men (The Brute, Sambo, Uncle Tom, the Coon, the Thug, the Gladiator). Include in your answer, the impact this image has had on either the treatment or identity development of black men. In United States lots of races are stereotyped against but African Americans are one of the most frequent racial groups stereotyped against. One of the most common and damaging stereotype against African American is that all black males are brutes. The brute stereotype portrays black men as dangerous criminals. This is a problem we have been facing in America for over a century and there are no signs that this issue is getting better. The media still keeps on portraying this false image that all black males are violent dangerous criminals and nowadays there are even video games that are about black males going around killing and robbing people. This stereotype has a major impact on how black men view themselves and more importantly how the rest of society views and treat them. To get a better understanding of why United States views black males as brutes we would have to look at its origin. At first blacks were not seen as brutes, during slavery African Americans was viewed as docile and virtuously harmless. It was not until the Radical Reconstructive period when slavery was abolished that black were seen as brutes. White’s southerners argued that without slavery blacks would revert to â€Å"criminal savagery†. Writer Thomas Nelson said that the â€Å"good old darkies† have been replace with blacks born after slavery who he described as dishonest, disrespectful and drunks. Nelson also published Red Rock a novel about Moses a black man who tries to rape white women he is then executed for his â€Å"terrible crime†. At this anti-black propaganda was flooding the streets in local newspaper, books, scientific journals all labeling blacks as brutes. There were even movies made called The Birth of Nation that depicts African Americans â€Å"rapist beast†. This is the how the stereotype that blacks are brutes originated. Due to this stereotype that labeled African Americans as brutes they were severely mistreated. According to the o Tuskegee Institute data 3,437 blacks were lynched in United States from 1882 to 1951 90 percent of them took place in the south. Lynching involves amputation, burning, shooting and hanging done by a white mob. Southerners knew lynching was evil but believed that black brutes were more evil. Many whites argued that lynching was necessary in preserving the purity of the white race. However 25.3 percent  of black that was charged with rape was not guilty. An example would be when 14 year old Emmett Till was visiting his relatives in Mississippi was beaten and tortured to death because he supposedly called a white women â€Å"baby†. Although things are not as bad as the use to be African Americans are still being treated different because of the false stereotype that say all black males are violent criminals. In the article The War on Drugs through The Wire the autho r states that the war on drugs was not about drugs but about who was using them. Independent studies show that both blacks and whites use and sell drugs at similar rates, it’s the response that’s different about 37 percent of African Americans who dropped out of high school was incarcerated in 2008. This shows the disparity in our criminal justice system they even call this mass incarceration of African Americans the new Jim Crow law, this is a consequence of the â€Å"war on drugs†. Not only does this negative stereotype cause the mistreatment for blacks it affects the way black male view themselves. Due to the stereotype that all black males are dangerous criminals it has led African American in a vicious never ending cycle one black male gets locked up and that another child growing up without proper guidance so he himself might follow the same footsteps as his father and end up in prison. This stereotype also causes others who are not black to fear African Americans. In Byron Hurt documentary Gail Dines said the scariest thing to a white person is an African American. An example would be when that unidentified man said when he was walking to his mother car a white lady grabbed her purse went to the opposite sidewalk just so she could grab a quarter for the meter. However there are some black males who are embracing this brute stereotype and benefiting. Mike Tyson is a prime example he has a reputation for being the world’s most ruthless man and he even bit the ear off an opponent. Tyson is quoted saying â€Å"I am an animal. I am a convicted rapist, a hell-raiser, a loving father, a semi-good husband.† Also I believe the whole hip-hop industry embraces this stereotype most of all rap songs talk about drugs, violence and sex reinforcing the negative sterotype that all blacks are brutes. Bibliography Pilgrims, D. (2000). The brute caricature Balboni, J. The war on drugs through the wire looking glass. (pp. 189-203). Durham, Carolina Academic Press Hurt, B. (Producer) (2002). The black man in america [DVD].

Public Health Promotion Strategy

Public Health Promotion Strategy of Lhuntse Introduction Public health is the first priority of a nation as health is the chief priority to man. According to the American Public Health Association, APHA(2001), public health as the practice of preventing diseases and promoting good health within groups of people from small communities to entire countries. The functions of public health include preventing epidemics, monitoring health status of the population, developing policies and laws to protect health, providing health care services at all costs and all activities related to benefiting public and their health.Bhutan, within the confines of China in the north and India in the south, was a late bloomer in to development. Now, 90% of the population has access to basic health care services delivered through a network of 29 hospitals, 176 Basic Health Units and 541 outreach clinics. Of the twenty Dzongkhags or districts in Bhutan, Lhuentse dzongkhag is one of the least developed with ei ght gewogs. â€Å"Most of the villages are still in accessible with lack of roads and electricity. one hospital, 11 Basic Health Units and 31 Outreach clinics render public health services in the dzongkhag.About 50% of the households have access to piped drinking water supply. †(Ninth five year plan, Bhutan, n. d). This paper plans to focus on studying the public health sector scenario in the particular dzongkhag and improving it. Purpose of the action plan Purpose of the action plan is to promote various factors such as followings †¢To improve maternal health care, it is very essential to provide healthy manner of health services to improve maternal health care to make pregnancy safe. Mother’s education, Mother’s education is the basic knowledge of parenting. †¢To Improvement in food supply and sanitation, improvements in food supply and sanitation will lead to increase life spans and reduce disease. Initiatives taken by the health services such as cl ean drinking water supply and hygiene directly help in improvement in food supply and sanitation. †¢ To Reduce in Poverty, to make reduction in poverty line . To Change living standard, with the development taking place in the country, living standard of the people has been rapidly changed.Public health Issues and Concerns †¢Lhuentse Dzongkhags has the concern over the issues related to public health as follows; †¢As the morbidity among the children under five year of age and all pregnant women and women in child bearing age was accounted to , Male-767 and Female-642. (PHCB, pg. 191). †¢The number of deliveries of the new born babies attended by health professionals was – 90 pregnant women, whereas, the number of deliverie not attended was recorded to -231 cases as noted in (PHCB, pg. 04). †¢According to PHCB, 2005,The Dzongkhag has also noted the increase in the number of disables that was numbered to 990 people and most were disabled to seeing that was recorded to-327 people. (PHCB,pg. 211) †¢Most of the people in the Dzongkhag had limited access to safe drinking water with the account of 253 households having piped water within house and 2377 households having piped water outside house. (PHCB, pg. 222) 5.The people in the Dzongkhag had limited acces to basic health facility of proper toilet. As, 2143 households had the accessibility to pit latrine and 423 households had no latrines at all (PHCB, pg. 241). The issues also includes, †¢Maternal and child health †¢The lack of nutrition in the diet leading to malnutrition †¢Outbreak of infectious diseases †¢The high alcohol consumption leading to increase in alcohol related diseases (Liver cirrhosis). Public Health Promotion StrategyTheir strategies put emphasis on improvement ofquality of services, development of human and institutional capacity, and decentralization with focus on rural access. 1. Enhance the quality of health services To improve the qual ity of services and further consolidate the infrastructure. Standardization and quality assurance, focusing on diagnostic and healing aspects, and use of appropriate technology. 2. To reach the inaccessible population There are still population groups who are not reached satisfactorily by the health services.Taking into account all of the problems and factors, Out Reach Clinics (ORCs) have been constructed and organized. 3. Strengthen traditional medicine system The traditional medicine system is being strengthened with the emphasis on human resource development through the Institute of Traditional Medicine. This has also been included in the ordinary health services at the hospital. The capacity and productivity of the Pharmaceutical Units have been increased.

MGM630-0804B-04 Applied Managerial Marketing - Phase 2 Discussion Essay

MGM630-0804B-04 Applied Managerial Marketing - Phase 2 Discussion Board - Essay Example The company deals with a variety of items and is well spread across the three state region in around 1 ten stores. The company has been in this business from 1992 and has not been very inclined towards brand building. The company dealt mainly with only importing and selling of home dà ©cor and gift items and is now looking at moving into house ware items as well. Efforts are being made to improve the brand awareness and also the product portfolio of the company. There are a few issues that the company might face in the case of increasing the brand awareness. Since the company has been in the industry for such a long period and has always used brown bags to wrap their products, there has been very little or almost no attention that has been given to the GGI. It is not known if the company even has a reputation in the market at all. Also as the company is just starting to move into a new product line – House ware, it is obvious that the brand has no awareness for this portfolio of products. Also with the declining sales in the whole sale business and the store business remaining flat, it is obvious that the company is lacking a lot of marketing. To resolve these issues it is essential that steps are taken to correctly market the company and increase brand awareness. To do this it is firstly essential to understand the role of marketing in a society and how it affects a firm. The next section will deal with understanding this in brief. As already mentioned earlier, marketing plays a very important role for every business. It is a process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying the customer requirements. Marketing can be done using a number of different tools like advertising, branding, direct marketing, publicity etc. It is essential that all firms understand one simple concept, that societies do not require marketing and can exist

Contrasts between Public and Private Organizations With Special Essay

Contrasts between Public and Private Organizations With Special Reference to Activity Management Practices - Essay Example The over whelming acceptance of the first assumption is often triggered in the absence of analytical studies of culture, operational requirements and difference of focus and approach in public and private sector organizations. There is an increased awareness at all levels of public administration to bridge the gap between the effectiveness and efficiency of a public and private organization. The awareness has given rise to comparative studies which can surface more logical and methodical approaches and technologies that can be useful to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of public sector organizations. Theory of Activity Management practices has recently got huge focus in this connection and many researchers have critically analyzed the adoption trends of this theory in public and private sector organizations. Baird, K. (2007) has also described the critical analysis of the theory from public sector organizations perspective as the basis of his article, â€Å"The study address es the gap in the literature examining the adoption of activity management practices in the public sector.† ... Gosselin defines Activity Analysis as process that is, â€Å"consists of identifying the activities and procedures carried out to convert material, labour and other resources into outputs† (Cited in Baird, 2007). Koopmans (1970) describes AA in these words, â€Å"Activity Analysis is concerned with the construction of the conceptual models to study and appraise criteria, rules, and practices for the allocation of resources.† The definition of Activity Analysis delimits boundaries for various resources in the organization. The actual contribution of a resource toward the final production of the service or product is the basic criteria which sets these boundaries. Therefore, the importance of human resource or a material can be described in terms of its role in the process of production. If a resource does not have any impact on the productivity or have least effect on it, it should be allocated with minimal or no resources at all. The exclusion of this resource from reso urce allocation is a step towards efficient and effective cost management of the resources which ultimately contributes towards the organizational effectiveness and efficiency. This efficiency, however, must not cause the reduction of any other production variable. â€Å"A combination of activities is called efficient if it does not permit increasing any net output without decreasing another, within the given limitations or primary factors.† (Koopmans). Therefore, despite being necessary, the decision of exclusion for a resource can only be efficient if every possible result is foresighted in terms of productivity and cost. However, the behavior towards inefficient resource management is usually different in public and

Review Questions Week 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review Questions Week 10 - Essay Example In that regard, they are trained on how to take risks and innovations. Code of ethics are significant to the organization because through them people in the organization create socially responsible behavior within the organization. Similarly, people within the organization enhance openness. On the same note, code of ethics emphasizes integrity within the organization. All these are possible because code of ethics creates an ethical environment where people observe binding factors that come in the form of mission and shared goals. In return, the organization has an effective leadership. Every leader has a duty to ensure that the organization has a code of ethics and the same is adhered to all the time. High power distance refers to situations in which, the leaders and the followers do not usually interact as equals while in low power distance cultures, leaders and followers occasionally interact as equals. There are potential problems in situations where the leader comes from a high power distance culture and the followers from a low power distance culture. The problem could arise due to lack of contact, given that the followers would be willing to make contact with the leader who, on the other hand would not be willing to interact with them. Lack of interaction and difference in approaches could have an impact on the organization. Authentic leadership is the ability to make good decisions and communicate effectively with the rest of the team. Secondly, authentic leadership involves real commitment to the organization’s goals and also committed to ensuring that the followers are equally motivated with an aim of ensuring achieving organization goals. Thirdly, they possess courage and strong character while discharging their duties in the organization. Fourthly, an authentic leader work hard to avoid failure because that would lead to distrust from the others. The essence of this

Youth and gambling problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Youth and gambling problem - Essay Example The third group involves individuals with some kind of neurological or Neuro-chemical dysfunction. This group is highly vulnerable to problem gambling due to impulsivity and attention deficits (Blaszczynski 2000). Such importance and high emphasize on problem gambling lead to the discussion of impacts that these gambling patterns have on the youth which is the major part of our society and upcoming future. The gambling behaviors in youngsters are closely related to their exposure to gambling in their childhood. They start gambling as an adoption of behaviors they experienced in childhood and if they win in the start their greed to win more empowers them to continue gambling. In the losing phase, they are more likely to win back what they had lost earlier. This urge and empowerment leads to desperation and motivation to bring more money with legal or illegal activities and stay in the game. Such desperation mostly resulted in illegal activities like cheating, stealing, robbing, nonpay ment of debts and so on (Hales 2006, pp. 305-307; National Research Council (US) 1999, pp. 169-171). Effects of Problem Gambling on Youth: Health effects: The younger generation is often exposed to other dangers when they involve in gambling within casinos, gaming zones and other areas covered by private owners. The addiction of gambling alone brings psychological disorders, attention deficits, depression, violent behaviors and aggression. In addition to these threats to psychological and physical well being of younger generation, alcohol, cocaine, heroin, tobacco and other addictives available in the play premises also affect their habits and behaviors towards the addictive things.... The increasingly easier opportunities for gaming and wagering available to clubs, hotels, casinos, gaming zones and increased games of chance like X-Lotto, scratch-tickets, sports betting, internet gambling, Bingo etc. in such places exposes gambling to the younger generation more prominently than ever. Advancements in technology resulted in some easier modes of accessibility to gambling. Internet and mobiles are the best sources of easily available components to youth for card games gambling, betting and so on. The increasing use of electronic gaming machines (EGM) in such places help the owners to attract more youngsters and involve them in gambling easily. The impacts of gaming and wagering due to the high exposure of electronic gambling to the youth has been a point of debate among the researchers in legislative, social, economic and cultural fields. Sports bars and ‘events based wagering’ are two important areas of discussion for their impacts on the youth as these are specifically aimed to target younger population. We can say that problem gambling cannot be described simply as a social behavior as generic, neurological, psychological and biological effects are also involved in describing the problem gambling behaviors. The negative impacts discussed are important to be addressed and restricted. Problem gambling may influence a child’s social, personal, economic, financial and educational life negatively. Hence, awareness and restrictions on gambling for children and younger population is necessary. The role of parents, elder siblings and teachers cannot be ignored in this regard as youngsters tend to adopt behaviors which they observe in their loved ones.

Moments of excitatory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Moments of excitatory - Essay Example Whereas I have always taken it as a family or religious obligation, it has never occurred to me that I was working for powerful masters. It is evident from the reading that definition of work can be as many as the people we have in the world. Although some obligations seem as voluntary, they actually qualify as work. For instance, church volunteer ship does not seem like work at first glance. However, the same qualifies as work although there may be lack of direct benefits. This makes us questions some of the things we do in life. For instance, is service to God work? Clergymen and other church leaders are paid for work although they are actually serving God. On the other hand, church members volunteer their service to God without pay. It may be confusing when we seek to determine who, among volunteers or clergymen, actually works. Despite many definitions of work, many questions arise when volunteer ship comes into play. It makes us question whether people such as mother Teresa were actually working or volunteering service. Further, we would be interested to deconstruct whether they were working for God or for the people. Work is an interesting concept and understanding of underlying ideas needs to be

Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Business Communication - Essay Example In addition, it compromises the privacy of vital personal digital footprints. Use of social media communication has adverse effects on various careers and development of professionals globally. This platform encourages a lazy culture in workplaces. Many professionals are no longer innovative and creative as before the introduction of social media. According to Kincel et al., this platform simply allows people to question other for ideas at their comfort without trying to research or engage their minds to come up with alternatives. Consequently, this form of communication has reduced innovation around the world. Currently, professional are using readily available resources online to solve various problems in their workplace. As a result, professional are deprived an opportunity to be innovative and creative thinkers that lead to career development. Moreover, use of social media leads to cyberbullying especially of children by various strangers on the internet (Kincel et al.). Family members especially children are vulnerable and are the primary target for cyber bullies. Anonymous individuals disguise and manipulate or abuse young kids through the internet. As a result, these attacks are always devastating to the victims. They lead to depression and fear among young family members. Thus, victims of the cyber bullying resort to suicide to ease their pain. In addition, some prefer to suffer silently which leads to mental disorder. In order to prevent and eliminate such cases, family members are supposed to be discouraged from the excessive use of social media. Besides, these forms of communication also have adverse effects on personal digital footprints. Uploading of personal digital footprints into the social media platform can be detrimental to the owner. The various sites such as Facebook insists on retaining the copyright of anything uploaded to their site. This results in losing ownership of